Ethics And Professional Codes Of Conduct - 878 Words

Ethics and Professional Codes of Conduct (Unit 10), Trump won the president in this month. After two months, Donald Trump will be the official president. However, the concerns about his ethics is upcoming to everyone’s mind. As we known, The Trump Organization runs a lot of business all around the US. When Donald Trump moves into the White House, he ll be the most controversial president in America history. After Trump is the president, his business interest is related to the politic. But there is no law and rules that asks a president to split his financial interests before he takes the president position. In past few period, presidents got away from the business to avoid the conflicts. Trump has no way to put his real estate empire aside. Obvious, he would involve his business into the future politic policy. Democrats aware this conflicts of the interest. But they can’t call official hearings. But they will keep the eyes on him. Also, if necessary, they can do investigations to avoid the conflicts of the interest. In addition, Trump is expressing an interest in a major infrastructure plan, equal pay for women, and closing the interest tax rate. These acts could give him a benefits, but they are good for the country. The infrastructure plan, such as highway, could improve the people life. Tax plan keeps the money in our own pocket. Another issue is http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/2016-election-day/how-would-president-trump-manage-his-business-empire-n649611Show MoreRelatedCode Of Ethics And Professional Conduct1274 Words   |  6 PagesReview of the Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct of BIP The Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct (CEPC) has been formulated on the basis of article 44, 45, 46, 47 of BIP constitution, to secure the rights and benefits of the Planners community in Bangladesh. 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In order to work ethically, nurses are required to adhere to the code of ethics and code of professional conduct setRead MoreCode Of Ethics And Professional Conduct Essay1919 Words   |  8 PagesCode of Ethics and Professional Conduct Introduction Ethics and professionalism are the centerpieces of any organization that wants to conduct business in today’s global environment. The Project Management Institute (PMI) is an organization that believes in the principles that governs professional behavior and ethics. By a consensus decree of many countries worldwide; the PMI formed the Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct (CEPC) for project management. The CEPC became the standard that all projectRead MoreCloud Computing And Ethics And Code Of Professional Conduct1253 Words   |  6 Pagesthe cloud computing brings significant change and influence to the world. It also raises numerous ethical issues. 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PREAMBLE Professional electronic journalists should operate as trusteesRead MoreA Brief Note On Ethics And Conduct And Behavior1089 Words   |  5 PagesEthics Research Report Student Name: Longfei Wang Student ID: 11529471 Executive Summary This report describe the two professional areas, they are Early Childhood and Public Relation (PR). In this two areas, this article illustrates the importance of three professional codes which are ethics, conduct and behavior. The report also reveal some ethical or unethical behaviors in the light of the two professional areas. Then the two professions will be compared in the codes ofRead MoreEthics And Code Of Ethics1043 Words   |  5 PagesEthics are concerned with how human been ought to act given a certain set of condition. The ethics govern an individual while making decisions especially when multiple choices are represented. 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Economics Of Happiness Is Useful For Assess Overall...

Introduction (Given) There has always been interest in understanding what makes people happy (Thus) The economics of happiness is important to improve policy that impacts well-being (How) By using longitudinal data and original research to draw conclusions on happiness Chapter 1: The Economics of Happiness (Given) The economics of happiness is useful to assess overall welfare of an individual (Thus) Economics of happiness is complementary to income-based measurements of welfare (Because 1) Income-based measurements of happiness provide limited information (Because 2) Easterlin Paradox reveals methodological challenges of the economics of happiness, remains unresolved across countries (For example) People answer questions in a†¦show more content†¦(Thus) Development levels are unimportant in deciding on determinants of happiness (Because 1) Across studies, wealth and employment lead to higher levels of happiness (For example) Russia and Latin America share similarities with the United States, including marriage, employment, education, health (Because 2) Surveys across developing nations reveal similar patterns across populations (For example) Central Asian ethnic minorities happiness is largely based on income and socio-economic status (For example) Cuba and Eastern Europe are similar as a result of economic transitions

Exam the Writing Process, Part 2 Free Essays

Exam #00711800 The Writing Process, Part 2 1. Write a composition using one of the topics listed below. Your composition should be three to five paragraphs long. We will write a custom essay sample on Exam the Writing Process, Part 2 or any similar topic only for you Order Now It should contain an introduction, a body, and a conclusion. Today I am writing to analyze the best way to prepare a meal. As a stay at home mom with two children me preparation is very important so as to have the meal ready on time and tasting good. I will be analyzing one of my kids favorite meals which is fried chicken and macaroni and cheese When preparing this meal I like to make sure that I have all the ingredients needed for this. Of course you will need fresh chicken drumsticks that I normally set out the morning of to ensure they are fully thawed out. You will also need 3 to 4 eggs, and cereal bowl filled half way with flour. Now for the macaroni and cheese you will need one box of pasta either elbow or shells. Those are the pasta that I choose to use but you can use any kind that you would like. You also need Velveeta cheese and a stick of butter. To prepare the fried chicken I turn on my deep fryer and set it at 375 degrees. Next I take an empty bowl and crack open 3 eggs into it and use a fork whisk the eggs together. Then I take the drumsticks and dip them into the egg ensuring to fully coat the chicken. On full coated I roll the chicken in the flour fully coating it. Then I place the drumstick in to the fryer basket and repeat till I have at least 3 tree drumsticks to fry at one time. One I have what need in the basket I lower the basking into the heated cooking oil. I normally cook the drumsticks about 15 minutes a batch. I repeat all this until I cook the desired mount of chicken I need to feed my family which is about 6 to 8 drumsticks. Now to prepare the macaroni and cheese, you need to get out a medium size pot and fill 3 quarters full of water and place it on the stove and bring it to a boil. Once the water is at a full boil meaning the water is fully bubbling you add your pasta. Be sure to stir the pasta occasionally to make sure that the pasta is not sticking to the pot. After about 10 minutes of boiling take your spoon and check the pasta making sure they are soft enough to you taste be careful they will be hot if they’re not soft enough keep the boiling for 5 more minutes. While you’re waiting on your past grab your strainer and place it in the sink. Once you pasta is cooked take you pot from the heat and pour your contents into the strainer to get rid of the water. Next return you pasta to the pot add the sick of butter and 3 quarters of the stick of Velveeta cheese make sure you cut the cheese up into 1 inch squares. Stir all of the cheese and butter in until it’s all melted. That is how I prepare a simple yet satisfying meal for my family that takes roughly 45 minutes to prepare. Cooking meals like this saves money compared to going to restaurants all the time. I spend 15 dollars to make this rather than 25 to feed my family at McDonalds. If you’re either the cooker or the eater you get satisfaction by seeing your family enjoy the meal you prepared or enjoying the meal your loved one prepared. 2. Write a letter of complaint. Follow the rules for a business letter, and use the full-block style. Brandy Clay 1448A Alaska Ave Fort Campbell, Ky 42223 March 02, 2013 Customer Service The Salute Uniforms LLC 2724 Dorr Avenue Fairfax, Va, 22031 Dear Sir or Madam: I have recently ordered a combat service identification badge for my husband from your website on February 22. I received the badge on March 1. As soon as I received the package it was noticed that the packaging had taken a beating while traveling through the mail. As soon as I opened the packaging it was apparent that the badge inside was damaged as well. When examined closer I discovered that the badge had snapped in two and the pins that are used to secure it to the uniform are bent in ways that they are not functional. I cannot find your return or exchange policy on your website. My order number is 637130. To resolve this problem, I would simply like an exchange of this combat service identification badge for another of same brand and model. I have ordered from you several times in the past and have had no issues with the merchandise or shipping. I understand that such problems as this sometimes occur with shipping. I look forward to hearing from you concerning the exchange. You can me at (830) 688-2396 or brandy202006@yahoo. com. Sincerely, Brandy K. Clay How to cite Exam the Writing Process, Part 2, Essay examples

Complex Issues Public Outrage free essay sample

With an ever changing demographic in our country and a general movement towards social reform from the now growing youth, combined tit the dying out of aged conservatives, the future majority representative political parties could become those Of the Libertarian party and the Green Party. With the current generation of twenty and thermosetting, it has been a popular trend to shift towards the personal descriptive quote of, Im socially progressive but fiscally responsible. As written by Brandon Shaffer, the President of the Colorado Senate, both current Democrats and Republicans are shifting towards or already share this view, and really agree on a lot of things. This balance, while not necessarily perfect by its simple definition for el Republicans and Democrats, creates middle ground that might melt into a popularization of the Libertarian Party. A party that is socially progressive but fiscally responsible. According to their website, the Libertarian Party, in a general sense, stands for less government but higher standers of equality and freedom to individual citizens. We will write a custom essay sample on Complex Issues Public Outrage or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page They are against government involvement within the market, such as The Bush/Obama Bailouts, and state, A free and competitive market allocates resources in the most efficient manner. In the foreign policy arena, they stand for free trade, in an effort to build positive relationships, and to void negative relationships by emphasizing non-intervention with military policy. Libertarians also stand for gun rights, and that all law-abiding, responsible citizens do not and should not need to ask anyones permission or approval to engage in a peaceful activity. They also believe that healthcare should not be run by the government (part of minimizing it) but should be regulated by free market and would eliminate the FDA and replace it with a more agile, free-market alternative. On the immigration front, they stand a little farther left than their Republican half. They believe in documenting and jack taxing those illegal immigrants already within U. S. Borders, instead of evicting them. While it is true that youthful Republicans and conservative Democrats could possibly start leaning more towards the popularization Of the Libertarian Party, and with it the death of the Good Ole Party, it could also be plausible that the more liberal factions of the Democratic Party could find themselves joining with an ever younger generation that could be more Liberal than their older Libertarian counterparts. This could plausibly succeed with the popularization of the Green party in battle with the Libertarians in the two- arty arena. The Green Party, according to its website, stands more for direct democracy with its coined Grassroots Democracy, similar to the lines of the Libertarian stance of less government. They are, however, more geared towards a community-based economy and stand firm with regulation of higher minimum-wages and provide a decent standard of living for all people while maintaining a healthy ecological balance. The Green Party is also fervent to decentralized wealth and power, which they think are the key problems with social and economic injustice, environmental destruction, and implementation. They therefore, unlike the Libertarians, would rather restructure the government, and with it social and economic institutions away from a system which is controlled by and mostly benefits the powerful few, to a democratic, less bureaucratic system. The Green Party is a widely social equal party, and stands for the equality of all, which the government should manage through the previously mentioned methods, and government programs like universal health care. To contrast the Libertarian Party, the Green Party also stands for higher gun control and limiting of particular types of weapons, stricter reoccurred when purchasing a gun, and less public carrying. While there are some major differences and some overlaps of agreement, the two parties do see eye to eye on a few issues though, which could bring the United States progressively into a new era. Major issues that they agree on are progressive answers to topics like abortion restrictions and womens rights, same-sex marriages, capital punishment, drug liberalizing, and to a certain degree non-interventionist foreign policy and immigration restrictions. The future is always uncertain, but the same issues tend to resurface within he United States and over the course of decades, we can see a shift towards the left with the total outcomes.

Role Reversals among Black men and women Essays - Gender

Gender Role Reversals Among Black Men and Women In this paper I would like to explore the role reversals among Black men and women. There have been few studies about Black men and women and their gender roles in relation to each other. The standards of gender roles, and how they play a part in relationships and marriages, had always been based on the White middle and upper class. White men and women have always been the status quo symbol. Black men have not had the opportunity to have a defining moment in which their masculinity nor their roles have been defined. What has caused this role reversal among Black men and women? Women have always been viewed as feminine, emotional creatures, while men have been viewed as strong and protective. With the uprising of the women?s movement, the definition of gender roles for women began to change. No longer were they accepting the roles that had been ?assigned? to them. Black women were forced into the role of provider. While the gender roles of White men have never been questioned, Black men?s gender roles have been like a revolving door- one minute they are the strong breadwinners of the family, and next they are the unemployed, misogynistic thugs of the streets. There are many scholars and writers, Black and White, that believe slavery played an instrumental part in the behavior and attitudes of Black men today. Dating back to slavery, Black women held positions of power within the slave community as well as within their own families. Even though slaves lived together, their marriages were never recognized, promoted or protected. Their coming together was simply a way to produce more slaves for the slave owner. This ploy was a denial of patriarchy used to emasculate Black men; stripping them of their rightful position. A matriarchal system evolved from this, one that is still present today. Taking a look at African men and women prior to the slave trade, there was a distinct system of labor in which women did the agricultural labor while men did the hunting. Upon being brought to America, this system of labor was changed. Men were now forced to do agricultural work alongside women, thus stripping them of their identity as the ?hunter? and l eaving them with no defined role. According to authors Trevor Bunard and Gad Heiman, ?some scholars have suggested that this transformation was akin to de-gendering?(143). Was this the starting point of Black men losing their identity and gender roles that had been established for them? As we entered into the Civil Rights era, the roles of Black men and women took on that of their White counterparts in an effort to re-present themselves into the social structure. They were trying to assimilate into a society that did not match or respect their cultural expectations. Everyone wanted the cute, little house with the white picket fence, well behaved children and a dog. Black men were able to obtain a better education and work more in white collar jobs. Black men had to follow the leader, so to speak, in that they had to mimic White men and their behaviors. They were still struggling to find their masculinity, but in some way they were at least being acknowledged for their work. This allowed the Black man to take control of his family; however, he still had to fight racism and the right to be called a ?man?. Black women were finally able to relax and let the man take the lead. She could take care of her household and raise her children. I believed this lulled Blacks into thinking that they were on the rise to becoming more accepted, thus allowing them to take their rightful place in society. In the Moynihan Report, a study done in 1965 towards the end of the Civil Rights movement, it was stated that the deterioration of the Black society was due to the deterioration of the Black family (Moynihan). After reading this report and its statistics, it seems as if Black families have not progressed much beyond the conditions that they were in at the time of the study. Patrick Moynihan, the author of the study, believed that the lack

Free Essays on Maslows Hierarchy Of Needs

, people who are deprived of lower needs ... Free Essays on Maslow's Hierarchy Of Needs Free Essays on Maslow's Hierarchy Of Needs Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs Abraham Maslow is known for establishing the theory of a hierarchy of needs, writing that human beings are motivated by unsatisfied needs, and that certain lower needs need to be satisfied before higher needs can be satisfied. Maslow studied exemplary people such as Albert Einstein, Jane Addams, Eleanor Roosevelt, and Frederick Douglas rather than mentally ill or neurotic people. This was a radical departure from two of the chief schools of psychology of his day: Freud and B.F. Skinner. Freud saw little difference between the motivations of humans and animals. We are supposedly rational beings; however, we do not act that way. Such pessimism, Maslow believed, was the result of Freud's study of mentally ill people. "The study of crippled, stunted, immature, and unhealthy specimens can yield only a cripple psychology and a cripple philosophy" (Motivation and Personality). Skinner, on the other hand, studied how pigeons and white rats learn. His motivational models were based on simple rewards such as food and water, sex, and avoidance of pain. Say "sit" to your dog and give the dog a treat when it sits, and-after several repetitionsthe dog will sit when you command it to do so. Maslow thought that psychologists should instead study the playfulness, affection, etc., of animals. He also believed that Skinner discounted things that make humans different from each other. Instead, Skinner relied on statistical descriptions of people. Maslow's hierarchy of needs was an alternative to the depressing determinism of Freud and Skinner. He felt that people are basically trustworthy, self-protecting, and self-governing. Humans tend toward growth and love. Although there is a continuous cycle of human wars, murder, deceit, etc., he believed that violence is not what human nature is meant to be like. Violence and other evils occur when human needs are thwarted. In other words, people who are deprived of lower needs ...

Eonomic Signals and Cost-Benefit Analysis in Macroeconomics Essay

Eonomic Signals and Cost-Benefit Analysis in Macroeconomics - Essay Example These economic indicators and signals are beneficial for different business analysts and experts. The business analysts can use these economic signals in order to take important business decisions and in turn can come up with effective and timely short term and long term strategies. Along with this, these economic indicators and figures facilitate business analysts to decide whether it is feasible to invest in a new venture, launch a new product, or enter into new markets (The Economist, 2) DIRECT AND INDIRECT SIGNALS: These economic signals can be either direct or indirect signals. Direct signals are the one which are directly interpreted from the economic data and reflects the future situation of the subject under consideration. On the other hand the indirect signals are one which have indirect impact on the economy and situation. For example, economic report about the decrease in the consumer spending directly signals the decrease in the level of GDP, which in turn indicates the p ossibility of recession. At the same time the decrease in the consumer spending indirectly signals the decrease in the investment activity, as the investors will expect that in future there will be a short term decrease in the interest rate by the central bank in order to stop the possible recession. DIRECT AND INDIRECT MACROECONOMIC SIGNALS CONTAINED IN A THREE MONTH OF RETAIL SALES DATA: Retail sales is one of the most important economic indicator which is followed by the investors and the economic analysts in order to predict the future condition of the market and economy. Retail sales depicts the household expenditure on the different physical products by the consumers. The retail sales data of three month will directly determine the future state of inflation in the economy. For instance, if there is an increase in the retail sales then it directly indicates that there is an increase in the consumer spending which will lead to the increase in demand. This increase in demand will result in increasing the prices and ultimately will increase the inflation in the economy. At the same time, the increasing demand and prices will put pressure on the supply of the physical goods and there will be more investment activity, which will signal high value of GDP and improved condition of the economy. On the other hand if there is a decrease in the retail sales, it can be interpreted that there is a decrease in the consumer spending. This in turn will result in decrease in demand and prices of the physical goods. The decreasing demand and prices will also force the supply of the physical goods to decrease which in turn will influence the overall state of the economy and will signal a recession in the economy, as there will be less investment activities on part of the investors. COST – BENEFIT ANALYSIS IN MACROECONOMIC OFFERED BY HENRY HAZLITT: It is important to first analyze the costs and benefits of any decision and policy in order to make sure that the require d aims and objectives can be achieved effectively and efficiently. In economics, costs are the most important component of any analysis and decision. The decisions taken by the economists and analysts are directly dependent on the balance between the requirements and the limited resources. This in turn makes it important to analyze and understand the opportunity cost of any particular decision. Cost

The Importance of Diversification Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Importance of Diversification - Essay Example The Importance of Diversification Diversification involves adding new products from different industries (Investopedia, 2013). For instance Tuscan Treasures can add to its product line the sale of vacation packages and cruise trips. In 2011 the global tourism industry generated revenues exceeding one trillion dollars (Berwyn, 2012). The use of a diversification strategy lowers the business risk of the company, while at the same time increasing its income streams. The third growth strategy the firm must use is product development. The company can introduce its own line of decorative products. These products are going to be unique and different because they will be made using banana ply paper as the raw material. Banana ply paper is a renewable source that comes from the trunks of the banana trees. The owner of the patent is the company Papyrus Australia. This company offers licensing agreement to companies interested in sponsoring its product to become business partners. Decorative products are a complimentary product to furniture that will increase the overall revenues of the firm. It is important to properly market the new green product through different marketing channels such as the internet, television, satellite radio, and mobile technology. The company is suffering from profitability problems. There are a variety of factors that could be causing the firm’s inability to generate profits. Profitability issues typically involve either declining sales or increasing costs. The company’s sales must be sufficient to cover all fixed and variable costs. If the expenses of the company exceed its revenues the company will incur in net losses. The firm must determine its breakeven cost to ensure the sales projections of the company exceed that number. A way to boost the sales of the company is by investing in advertising. The poor profitability of the company may be associated with high costs. The company must perform a cost analysis to evaluate the payroll obligations of the company. The analysis should provide information regarding whether the company is overpaying its employees and to determine if the firm could operate with a smaller workforce. Investment in new technologies can increase the efficiency and profita bility of the business. New technology can also reduce labor costs. A second element of the cost structure of the company that must be evaluated is its materials costs. The market must be analyzed to determine if a suitable supplier of Italian furniture is available that offers lower prices than the firm’s current suppliers. Lowering materials costs will reduce the cost structure of the firm and raise profitability. Another reason the profitability of the company may be suffering is a lack of productivity. Low employee morale or a lack of motivation can hinder the productivity of the workers. The managers of the company are responsible for motivating the staff. A way to increase the motivation of the workers is by offering intrinsic and extrinsic rewards. An example of an intrinsic reward is a manager telling a subordinate they did a great job during a work day. Offering positive reinforcement can increase the confidence of the workers. Giving financing incentives such as a C hristmas bonus is an example of an extrinsic reward. Part C The downsizing initiative of the firm must be well planned and executed in an effective manner. The company must keep the information about the strategy internal to avoid hurting

What are the main characteristics of a successful piece of academic Essay

What are the main characteristics of a successful piece of academic writing as submitted for a university assessment - Essay Example The extensive source of knowledge through acute reference to databases would be the only solution for the information mining. Once the information is gathered it is vital in the case of an academic paper to analyze the information so as to form scientifically justifiable observations and conclusions. A successful piece of academic writing however demands much in terms of style of writing and the research involved. The important characteristics of a quality academic paper are as following An academic paper will have to adhere with many benchmarks as set by the concerned academic authority. Compliance with academic standards, working in accordance with the objectives and properly formatted documentation would be vital in determining the quality of an academic paper. Considering the importance of an academic paper as key document in a particular reserach and taking into account the way this can affect the branch of science dealt with, much emphasis has to be paid on the quality of academic papers. However the difficulty level in the stipulations can differ among different academic authorities. The time management process so as to be able to finish the work within the stipulated deadline is also important. Different academic authorities demand the academic paper to be written in specified style of writing. This requirement however depends on the kind of paper to be written. The nature of science involved with the paper would determine the academic style in which the paper is to be written. The most common academic writing styles include Modern Language Association (MLA), American Psychological Association (APA), Chicago Manual of Style (CMA), Council of Science Editors (CSE), Turabian, American Sociological association (ASA), American Anthropological Association (AAA) and Havard style (CSU, 2006). These styles have been standardized by various organizations so that the papers written by experts across the

The Feeding Of The Five Thousand Religion Essay

The Feeding Of The Five Thousand Religion Essay Meier believes the version of the feeding of the five thousand story from Mark 8: 14-21, when compared to the second feeding miracle, is a redaction; that is being reworded. This comment is loosely based on the fact that the disciples did not experience the miracle face to face (vis-à  -vis). The version of John has similarities from the one in Mark 8: 1-10, said while the same cannot be said about the one found in Mark 6:32-44; it cannot be found. For example, the question of whence occurs in both Mark 8: 4 and John 6:5. The main difficulty that Meir has is the John story of the feed story is independent on the version found in the book of Mark. He feels it does not make sense that the version found in Mark 8 is considered the redaction of Mark 6, if the one found in John 8 share much similarities with that of Mark 6, instead of version in Mark 8. He is aware that many people run into problems when trying to explain such a thing. Meier questions how is it that Mark creates a reword ing of the story, that shares many key points with John 6 and not Mark 8; Mark 6 and John 6 share the feeding story with the five thousand people fed with five loaves of bread and two fishes, while the Mark version feeds four thousand people with seven loaves and a few fishes. On the other note, they both share the Greek name for baskets (two hundred pennyworth of bread), as opposed to Mark 8. According to Meier, Mark 6:32-44 has the greatest numbers of parallels with the independent version of John 6: 1 15. The theory that Mark 6 is a Marcan redaction based solely on Mark 8 is unsustainable. Not only is John 6 is the independent version of the feeding, but also that Mark 6 and Mark 8 represent two different versions of the feeding miracle; both were spread in the pre-Marcan tradition of the first Christian generation. There has been great debates on which elements should be assigned to tradition or redaction in the feeding stories based in Mark 6, Mark 8 and John 6. Meier believes some redaction traits are more in the open. The Johnanne version takes great care in letting the reader know that Jesus already knows what Philip is going to do, even as Philip ask John for information. Another redaction intervention can be found in John 6:4, with the mention of Passover; which is more debatable. The best way in indicating the essential elements of the primitive feeding story is to list the elements most prevalent in at least two out of the three stories, or even from the three. Since John has the independent version of the feeding story, it makes sense for the John version and one of the Marcan versions to be used. According to Meier, the way to tell which version of the feeding of the multitude is primitive it would have to contain the following elements: The Setup (which is the temporal and geographic al setting, the introduction of the characters, and the need to be met). The setting is on the shores of the Sea of Galilee, which is an uninhabited, desolate place. The actors include Jesus, his disciples and a large crowd that had followed due to the miracles performed by Christ. The dialogue in presenting the problem, Jesus and his disciples discuss on the subject about the lack of food for the multitude; there are only five loaves and two fishes. The lack of supplies is pretty obvious. The command in which Jesus tells the crowd to relax on the grass brings the setup to an end and provides the connection to the miracle proper (which is the words and deeds that affect the miracle and the awareness of the miracle taking place). Jesus takes the five loaves, give thanks, he breaks them and gives it to his disciples to distribute, same thing with the fish. Everyone is filled. The Conclusion is the confirmation that the miracle actually happened: There are twelve baskets full of leftov er bread, as the multitude have become full. Other possible conclusions are that Jesus dismisses the crowd, found in the Mark versions, or the crowd acclaims Jesus, found in Johns version. During Jesus pubic ministries, many have believed he performed miracles of exorcism and doubt that the feeding of the multitude goes back to any event in his lifetime. One of the reasons is that many commentators believe the feeding story was strongly influenced by old testament stories, particularly the story of Elisha feeding one hundred people with twenty barley loaves found in 2 Kings 4:42 44, the accounts of Jesus actions over the bread and wine at the Last Supper, and from the regular repetition of the words and actions of Jesus in early Christian worship. It is from these stories that many critics believe the feeding of the multitude arose in the early church. In Meiers view, each sources have left their individual mark on the various versions of the story; some versions more than others. It still remains to be proven if Jewish and Christian influences had any part with creating the Gospel miracle story. The Old Testament story that has the most in common of the feeding of th e multitude is the miracle of feeding by the prophet Elisha. In 2 Kings 4:42-44, a man comes from Baalshalisha, brings Elisha an offering of twenty loaves of barley bread. Elisha orders his servant to give the bread to the people to eat. The servant questions how this amount of bread can satisfy them. Elisha repeats his command with a small prophecy from Yahweh They shall eat and there will be some left over (v 43). The servant obeys and the prophecy is fulfilled (v 44). The parallels of the both feeding of the multitude stories are obvious: (1) The prophets apparent impossible order: a prophets orders his servant to feed a large group of people with a known small amount of bread (20 loaves to hundred men, 5 loaves for five thousand), (2) Bread with some other foodstuff , (3) The objection from his servant: the servant does not understand what is to happen, so he protests and stresses the impossibility of satisfying one hundred people with twenty loaves, (4) The prophets insistent c ommand: overriding his servants objection, insisting the order be carried out as planned, (5) The miracle and its confirmation by way of surplus: when the order is obeyed, the people are fed and there is leftover bread present. In order for another miracle to seem even greater, the number of people fed would naturally be increased in the Gospel story (from one hundred to four or five thousand), and the number of loaves on hand would naturally be decreased (from twenty to seven thousand or five thousand). At the same time, there are apparent differences between the Elisha and the Gospel feeding miracles. (1) There is no exact geographical or temporal setting to the Elisha story, unlike the feeding of the multitude (ex by the Sea of Galilee, near Passover, in the late afternoon), (2) In 2 Kings, there is nothing said of a crowd following Elisha. (3) There is no description to who the hundred people are and it is unclear where they came from in this concise story. (4) There is no indication that the hundred people were suffering from great hunger, lack of food or are unable to get any food by normal means. (5) The miracle story in 2 Kings begins with the surprising command of Elisha, with no preparation, background, or motivation in the narrative. When compared, the conversation between Jesus and his disciples setup the problem of the peoples lack of food before any food is present on site. (6) In the Gospels, the disciples are the ones that supply and locate the little food, and they d o so only after the story is under way. (7) Jesus first commands the crowd to sit on the grass, performing the Jewish household ritual for beginning a formal meal, which does not happen in the Elisha story; including the fish. (8) The questions and objections of the disciples precede his actual order, thus introducing the miracle proper. (9) The amount of leftovers in the Elishas story is unknown, compared to the twelve or seven baskets of bread left over in the Gospel narratives. (10) The basic structure of the concise Elisha story is based on prophecy and fulfillment, not so much the Gospel story. There are many other parallels that some versions of the Gospel story have with the Elisha story; but the parallels are not necessarily part of the most primitive form of the Gospel miracle of feeding. For example, the notion that the bread is barley is found only in Johns version (6:9, 13) of the Gospel story; the same adjective used in the Elisha story. While the mention of barley might be a relic from the primitive form of the Gospel story preserved in John, it is also possible that Johns version is late and secondary. Another possible explanation of the specification of barley loaves, John mentions that the miracle takes place near Passover (which is the time of the barley harvest). In other words, Johns notion that the bread was barley might simply be his way of emphasizing his beloved Passover symbolism. That goes to show that every parallel found between the present Gospel versions of Jesus feeding of the multitude and the Elisha story does not go back to the primitive form of the Gospel story. Even though the Elisha story shares a number of basic elements with the primitive version of the Gospel story, there is much in the Gospel miracle not found in 2 Kings 4:42-44. The other major text suggested as sources for the feeding miracle are the various forms of Jesus words and actions over the bread and wine at the Last Supper. According to Meier, not all commentators agree that the feeding miracle was affected by the Last Supper. Among the two Marcan and the one Johanne versions, the overtones of the Last Supper seem more evident in the structure of the second Marcan story. In Mark 8: 6-7, it says (over the bread) And taking the seven loaves of bread, giving thanks, he broke them and gave them to his disciplesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (Over the fish) and pronouncing a blessing over them, he commanded them also to be set out, and they ate. At the Last Supper, Jesus said And taking the loaf of bread, giving thanks, he broke it and gave it to the disciplesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (Over the cup) giving thanks or pronouncing a blessing, he gave it to them and they all drank. It is obvious that they share similarities in words. In the second Marcan version, there is a delay in the mentioning of the fish. This causes the bread to dominate the story from the beginning to the end. In the Marcan version of the Last Supper (Mark 14:22 -23), Jesus first pronounces a blessing over the bread and then gives thanks over the wine, with the same participles, in reverse order, that are used in Mark 8:6-7. The parallel with the Last Supper narrative is not quite clear in the first version of the feeding miracle, and less clear in John 6. The commentators that reject the Last Supper as a parallel stress the actions of Jesus over the bread and wine was merely the thanksgiving to God, as done by the head of a Jewish household over the bread that is broken to begin a formal meal. While there is some truth to this claim, it does not take into account a number of factors. (1) Mark 8:1-10 is so significant in the debate is because the tradition has evidently been carefully altered to provide a balanced pattern of giving thanks and then pronouncing a blessing over the dishes of food. The parallel of thanksgiving or blessings over the bread first and then over the side dish (fish) does not match the original Jewish ritual of thanksgiving; but matches the narrative of Jesus parallel thanksgiving or blessing over the bread and wine. (2) Within the context of the Synoptic Gospels, it really misses the point to say that the actions of Jesus over the bread and fish are similar to ones of a Jewish host at a formal meal; the actions of Jesus over the bread do not echo with those of the Synoptic Jesus at the Last Supper. (3) The isolated version of the feeding miracle found in Mark 8:6-7 are mostly likely later developments in the tradition of the Gospel story. Neither the Last Supper nor the Elisha story can prove the presence of fish alongside the bread. The fish tends to be increasingly downplayed in most of the Gospel versions of the feeding story; they are a primitive element rather than a later development in the tradition. In Meiers opinion, there is no explanation for their presence in all the versions of the story of some originating event in the life of Jesus. The earliest form of the feeding miracle available to us does not seem to have crossed with Elisha or Last Supper motifs and some of the elements of the earliest form (notably the fish are not explainable on the g rounds of the Elisha and Last Supper traditions. Rather, the account of Jesus feeding the multitude was defected. The stories of Elisha and the Last Supper do not seem to have created the Gospel feeding miracle. (4) Although the feeding miracle concerns the multiplication of loaves and fish, in every version of the feeding miracle the fish falls into the background. The subject is kept mostly on the bread, probably because the bread offers a direct cross-reference to the Last Supper. As seen in the second Marcan version of the feeding miracle (Mark 8:1-10), the story speaks almost entirely of loaves of bread or leftover pieces of bread. A few fish is only mentioned in one verse (8:7). Meier takes an unbiased position. On one hand, he rejects the views of the commentators that the Elisha story or the Last Supper had any influence on the feeding miracle. The parallels are so clear. On the other hand, the parallels are not much that the origin of the feeding miracle narrative can be en tirely explained merely by application to the Elisha story or the Last Supper tradition. The Elisha story and Last Supper tradition cannot completely explain the origin of the story of Jesus feeding the multitude. The question that comes into place is whether there are indications that some historical event in Jesus ministry may be behind the early Christian narrative? The answer comes from two criteria of historicity. (1) When compared to most Gospel miracle stories, the feeding miracle is supported by an unusually strong verification of multiple sources. It is not only verified independently in both Mark and John, but also two variant forms (cycles) of the tradition lying behind Marks Gospel; each one begins with one version of the feeding miracle (Mark 6:32-44 and Mark 8:1-10). Before the cycles were created, the two versions of the feeding miracle would have spread as independent units, the first version attracting itself to the story of Jesus walking on the water (a development that can be witnessed in John 6), while the second version did not receive much detail. B ehind all the versions of the miracle story, it would have had some primitive form. (2) Jesus normally spoke of the coming kingdom of God under the image of a banquet. The emphasis of a banquet or festival meal as an image of the kingdom were not just words spoken; it played an important role in Jesus actions as well. Jesus has been known for his presence at festival banquets (Mark 2:15-17; Matthew 11:18-19; Luke 7:33-34). Based on Meiers opinion, in comparison to the various celebrations of table fellowship hosted by Jesus, the most memorable one was the feeding of the multitude; due to the unusual number of participants; also this one was held at the Sea of Galilee, rather than in a town or village. Some have suggested that Jesus and his disciples shared what little food they had with others, which influenced the rest of the crowd (especially the rich people present in the crowd) by their good example to share their supplies until all were fed. Other critics came up with the assumption that Jesus hid supplies of food in a cave and made his disciples distribute it to the crowd. Albert Schweitzer gave his own twist; Jesus gave everyone in the crowd a piece of bread as a symbol of the heavenly banquet to come; the meal was thus the antitype of the messianic feastà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦a sacrament of redemption. Meier believes the sources do not allow us to specify the details of the event, especially since the influence of both the Elisha miracle story and the Last Supper tradition on the retelling of the story in Christian decades. Whether something actually miraculous happened is not open to verification by the means of a historian; it ultimately depends on a persons worldview, not what historical investigation can tell us about the event. In the last analysis, nothing connects these widely different stories together. For some time, it has seemed that at least one link, non-historically, would connect all the natural miracles together. But now the common link has been broken by the story of Jesus feeding the multitude, in Meiers view, that goes back to some memorable meal of the public ministry. Once again, the common category called nature miracles is viewed to be an illusion. According to Daniel Harrington, the story of the miracle feeding is the only miracle of Jesus proved in all four Gopsels, and the only one that is recounted in two forms. The feedings occur in the wilderness or desolate places and are gift miracles similar to the water from the rock (Exod 17:1-7) and the miraculous feeding of the Israelites through manna in the wilderness (Exod 16:1-36). Daniel says the Wisdom tradition feeding is linked with teaching and bread is linked with knowledge. Harrington states the closest the story in the Old Testament that parallels the miracle story found in Mark is the feeding story of Elisha; he agrees with Meier. In both stories, the main characters (Jesus, Elisha) give an impossible order involving a small amount of food and a large crowd to feed. In both cases, there is food left over even though there are more people than there is food. The narrative follows the general structure of a miracle story with a setting that describes a situation of need, a request, the mighty work itself, and some demonstration of the action. There are a number of elements that brings up the question of relations between the two Marcian feedings. They have similarity in setting, content, and structure but also, significant differeneces. The differences are the number of individuals in the crowd (5000 vs. 4000), the amount of food originally available, and the disclosure between Jesus and the disciples. Harrington points out that in Mark 8:1-10, the disciples give no indication of knowing that Jesus will perform his mighty work, even after the participating in the feeding of Mark 6:30-44. There have been various proposals to help relate the narratives: (1) there was a single early narrative that took different forms in the tradition, (2) Mark 8: 1-10 is an early pre-Markan narrative that Mark uses to compose the one found in Mark 6:30-44 ( which can detested by Meier, himself); and (3) there were two different pre-Marcian versions of the story and both were edited by Mark. There is a belief by the majority of interpreters that there was an early narrative that the individual evangelists reworked and adapted to their theological perspectives. Harrington agrees with Meier on the thought that all the feeding stories and the Last Supp narrative, despite the significant differences, describe Jesus saying a blessing or a prayer of thanksgiving; taking bread, breaking it, and giving it to disciples or crowds to eat. The similarities outweigh the differences. One option that should be avoided is the belief that the people were so moved by the words of Jesus that they divided their food with others, as Meier also stated. The narrative rather gives a picture of Jesus as compassionate toward the hungry people and concerned about their physical hunger. Harrington believed a church that invokes the name of Jesus must be concerned about the spiritual and physical hungers of people today. According to William Lane, the account of the feeding of the multitude has a particular significance in the framework of Marks Gospel. The elaborate introduction (Mark 6:30-34), the extended dialogue with the disciples (Mark 6:35-38) , the frequent references to this occasion (Mark 6: 52; 8:17-21) and the sequel in the feeding of the four thousand (Mark 8:1-10), shows that the evangelist regarded this event as crucial for understanding the dignity of Jesus. The book of Mark shows the glory of God unveiled through the abundant provision of bread in the wilderness where Jesus is Israels faithful shepherd. The extended conversation of Jesus with his disciples concerning bread is the distinctive element in the Marcan account of the feeding of the multitude, as Meier would agree with. Overall, I do believe the feeding of the five thousand found in Mark 8 is the redaction of Mark 6. It only makes sense, because the version of the story in Mark 6 and John 6 share many similiarities , compared to the version in Mark 8; Mark 6 and John 6 share the feeding the story with the five thousand people fed with five loaves of bread and two fishes, while the Mark 8 version feeds four thousand people with seven loaves of bread and two fishes. It goes to show that the feeding story found in John 6 is the independent version of the feeding miracle and that Mark versions represent two different versions of the feeding miracle. Growing up in the church, I would say that I strongly disagree with Meirs belief that Jesus performed miracles of exorcism, during his public ministries. I was taught that Jesus performed miraculous works because he had compassion and love for his people, and wanted his disciples and follows to witness the good works of the Lord, his Father. I do agree that the Old Testaments stories (particularly the story of the Elisha feeding) and the Last Supper do share many similarities, but I do not see substantial evidence to say that these two stories influenced the miracle feeding of the five thousand. As Meier said it, I also believe it still remains to be proven if Jewish and Christian influences had any part with creating the Gospel miracle story. Even though the Last Supper has parallels with the miracle feeding story found in Mark 8, the parallel in Mark 6 is not quite clear and less clear in John 6. Like Meier, I believe the actions of Jesus over the bread and wine was him giving than ksgiving to God, also done by the head of a Jewish household over the bread that is broken to begin a formal meal and sometime he acts out constantly. The parallel of thanksgiving or blessings over the bread first and then over the fish does not resemble the original Jewish ritual of Thanksgiving; only the narrative of Jesus parallel over the bread and wine. I also agree with Meier that the Elisha Story and the Last Supper tradition cannot completely explain the origin of the story of Jesus feeding the multitude. It is debatable as to whether there are any indications that some historical event in Jesus ministry may be behind the early Christian miracle stories. I do believe the emphasis of a banquet or festival meal as a image of the kingdom were not words spoken, but played an important role in Jesus actions; he was known for his presence at festival banquets. I strongly agree with Meier that the most memorable banquet or festival meal is the feeding of the multitude. Growing up, I always knew and was aware of the feeding miracle; I knew a little bit of the Last Supper and knew nothing of the Elisha story. Personally, the feeding story was one of the stories that always stuck to me. I believe that whether something miraculous happening in the feeding miracle depends on a persons worldview, not from the results of the historical investigation of an event. It is up to everyone to do their own result and have their own beliefs.

State and Church Essay -- essays research papers fc

Christopher Columbus and Cabeza de Vaca were two known adventurers, one being an explorer and the other as a treasurer. Both men had great reputations, which led to positions of high status. Cabeza de Vaca became the treasurer on an expedition to explore the Gulf coast as a young nobleman and Christopher Columbus went on many expeditions to explore lands of treasure and jewels of all sorts. Both men explored in a time in which the lands were controlled by church and state and because of this, pressure of enormous amounts were placed on the shoulders of these men. The misfortunes these men encountered on their expeditions led them to choose a side in which they tried to disguise their true outcomes. Cabeza de Vaca and Christopher Columbus used the power the church possessed and embellished in the writings as a means to escape ridicule and or conviction from the state.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One can get a sense from the works of Cabeza de Vaca that he went through hardship when captured by the Indians. In addition you can a sense that he uses much imagery of his men being killed and picked off one by one because he knew that the state and church would read his writings. My opinion of chapter seven is very skeptical because I feel that Cabeza de Vaca wanted to show the state and church that life over in the New World was very troubling and full of challenges so great no man can bare. He embellishes his writings in purpose of being forgiven for the money and manpower spent on the expedition. In chapter seven Cabeza de Vaca shows in his writings how he was attacked numerous times, â€Å"The day following, others came against us from a town on the opposite side of the lake, and attacked us as the first had done, escaping in the same way,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  pg. 1 except one who was also slain† (pg. 130). He keeps showing the reader that he was attacked numerous times but yet the Indians escaped the same way as the first did. These accounts could show the church that Cabeza de Vaca was strong in his encounters with harsh conditions and that these experie... ...ed this statement with the hoping he will return to explore because he feels that the third voyage did not find riches and other valuable items.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Both men used the church to somewhat cover up the unsuccessful expeditions and voyages that occurred. I feel that the writings were intentional in the fact they were not only made to keep accounts but also to show the church that they are still skilled as before they left. They also write with a manner in which they want to be rewarded somehow for their findings or misfortunes they encountered in such harsh conditions.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Pg. 4 Works Cited Columbus, Christopher. The Four Voyages of Columbus. Trans. J.M. Cohen   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1969. Cabeza de Vaca, Alvar Nunez. Relation of Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca. Trans.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Buckingham Smith. 1871.